Emperor Huizong of Song and His Art of Painting and Calligraphy Plying the Brush to Create a New Style

The representatives of oriental cultures have always been known for their incredible ability to combine an agile political mind and a heart of a true artist; and, needless to say, the Emperor Huizong was no exception.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Emperor Huizong of Song and His Art of Painting and Calligraphy: Plying the Brush to Create a New Style specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Back in the Early Middle Ages, when Europe was only trying to have their feet on the ground and at the same time was making careful attempts to introduce its artists, in China, the Emperor himself set the course for the Chinese culture, devoting hours to calligraphy, collecting and cognizing the wonders of art. Although the political career of Huizong ended in the most deplorable way possible (Ebrey 149), ending in his retreat and the death of his own son, managed to contribute to the Chinese culture in general and to the development of Chinese painting in particular. Speaking of the style in which the emperor painted, one must mention that Huizong did not want to copy already existing ones and preferred to work on his own approach towards depicting still life. Called further on â€Å"literati,† the given painting style survived several major changes in the Chinese art and has left a noticeable trace in the Chinese culture. It is also quite remarkable that Huizong drew the line between being an artist and expressing his own ideas and feelings with the help of literati style, and being the art connoisseur and evaluating already existing artworks. As the existing records show, â€Å"It makes sense that as an artist, Huizong would be more closely aligned with literati practices, while he might remain more distant from them when acting as a ruler reviewing the painted replicas of his prized possessions† (Knechtges and Vance 140).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you ! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The given evidence also shows in a very graphic way that the emperor did not focus on a single style and was very open-minded when it came to evaluating the paintings that were done in a style other than the literati one. Since the above-mentioned might be considered the mark of Huizong as an art connoisseur, not the creator of art, however, it is necessary to re-evaluate Huizong’s influence on the Chinese art. Indeed, on the one hand, the above-mentioned allows to qualify Huizong as a connoisseur rather as a creator When assessing the influence that the emperor had on painting as an art form, the proponents of posing emperor as a connoisseur, however, have to concede – the existing evidence shows that Huizong’s artworks did not change the landscape of the Chinese art: [†¦] Even if we acknowledge some validity to traditional characterization of a sizable proportion of Academy paintings as being at odds with literati values (for their ornamental appearance, their reliance upon color, their verisimilitude, etc.), these are not necessarily representative of the style cultivated by Huizong and such aristocratic painters as Zhao Lingbi and Zhao Shilei. (Knechtges and Vance 141) Being rather the author of numerous paintings and poems than the man who defined the style and tendencies of the Chinese art, Huizong is definitely rather a creator of the Chinese art than its connoisseur and the man who defined the further tendencies in Chinese painting. Although it would be wrong to diminish Huizong’s vast knowledge of Chinese painting, poetry and calligraphy, it is still necessary to acknowledge him as the man who exercised self-expression in art. It would be wrong, however, to think that the Emperor could afford devoting a great chunk of his life to painting just for the sake of art itself; as the existing records show, Huizong was trying to depict the birds and animals that were und er the threat of extinction. Taking long strolls in his garden, the emperor had the chance of watching the rare species to portray them in his unique manner. Therefore, it can be considered that Huizong was also one of the first emperors to fill art with purpose and make it serve the greater good.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Emperor Huizong of Song and His Art of Painting and Calligraphy: Plying the Brush to Create a New Style specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern art connoisseurs evaluate Huizong’s contribution to art as a peculiar introduction into Chinese vision of still life: â€Å"The style preferred by Emperor Huizong was intimate and decorative as seen from the bird-and-flower still-life paintings that he created† (Wang 48). The fact that art could also be used for a logical purpose was a true revelation; Huizong opened a new page of the Chinese history of art with his paintings. To to p it all, Huizong built a school of painting, where the students could learn to paint in the style that Huizong had been working on for his entire life. As a result, an entire art movement, literati painting, was organized to promote Huizong’s innovations into the Chinese realm of painting (Knechtges and Vance 140). However, birds were not the only thing that entranced Huizong as an object for his painting; surprisingly enough, the emperor also enjoyed painting tea trees (Wang 104) and making all sorts of tea paintings. The aforementioned makes one wonder whether the emperor could be described as a connoisseur or a creator of such art forms as paintings. Certainly, it took a lot of effort and skill to create a painting that could not only satisfy one’s hunger for artistic imagery, but also convey a specific message to the audience – in the given case, the message to keep the riches of nature intact. On the other hand, the skills that would go into the creation o f such art forms should rather be defined as the ones of a connoisseur of painting and wildlife than the creator of art works. The dilemma concerning whether Huizong should be defined as the connoisseur of painting or the creator of one is, therefore, to be solved. Still, when thinking of what Huizong used his skills of an artist for, one must admit that the emperor could be defined as the creator of art. According to the existing sources, Huizong did not pursue solely the goal of cognizing every single method of painting; quite on the contrary, he seemed to be the adept of literati style, while a connoisseur would explore every single genre in particular.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, it seems that Huizong tried to find the best means of self-expression, like a true creator, while for a connoisseur, self-expression is usually not the key objective (Knechtges and Vance). Along with his amazing talent of painting, Huizong should also be remembered for his incredible calligraphy, which appears on his paintings as well. The idea that these two arts can coexist in one painting might be rather surprising for the European audience. The Chinese, however, know perfectly well that these two walk hand in hand, and that only together, they can help one produce a real work of art: â€Å"The tradition of ‘three perfections’ – painting, calligraphy and poetry – originated from the introduction of poetic inscriptions on [†¦] painted hanging scrolls and handscrolls† (Wang 52). However, of all his passions, painting definitely was Huizong’s main asset apart from his political skills; even though the emperor also engaged in to collecting and calligraphy, he enjoyed depicting still life the most. Even though the arts of calligraphy, poetry and painting can be considered completely separate genres, emperor Huizong has paid equal amount of attention towards perfecting his skills in each of these arts. Therefore, it would be reasonable to mention the relation between calligraphy and poetry in Huizong’s life and the way the former influenced the latter. What might seem not quite compatible for the people of a different cultural background were integral components of art as a whole for Huizong. Therefore, to view Huizong as a creator, one must take a glance at his contribution to the Chinese culture as a poet. Inspired by an already existing poetry style known as â€Å"ink-plum paintings,† Huizong actually started discovering his artistic talents only after he had come across the artworks by Chen Yuyi, a Chinese artist who further on was promoted to be Editorial Director in Huizong’s Pal ace Library, according to Knechtges and Vance’s research data (Knechtges and Vance 118). Learning more about the art of painting and poetry, the emperor expanded his knowledge about their numerous aspects, which allowed him to become an ultimate connoisseur; in addition, Huizong also tried to apply the knowledge acquired with the help of his new friend into practice, which turned him into a creator of the Chinese art. Not only did Huizong expand the idea of the Chinese poetry, but also contributed his own works, such as Mountain Birds. The latter is a very peculiar specimen of emperor’s style, since it comprises all three arts that have been mentioned above – exquisite calligraphy, refined poetry and beautiful painting. Miraculously, even the lines of the poem look like an integral part of the painting, since, merging with the elements of the painting, the strokes and parts of hieroglyphs become an integral part of the picture. Thus, a poem takes a visual form a nd the artwork becomes three-dimensional. Incorporating such elements as painting, a poem and calligraphy in his works, Huizong started a new era in the Chinese world of art. He showed the world that different kinds of art could be combined to produce a unique creation that people gasp in delight at. Though the reign of Huizong was comparatively short and far not as successful as it could have been (Mote 207), there is no doubt that his contribution to the Chinese art of painting was incredible (Wilkinson 855). Not only did he collect paintings and was in touch with the world of art, but also managed to contribute his own paintings to the Chinese culture thus, coining a new inspiring style of painting and offering a new vision of what art actually was. Not only was he the author of a range of paintings and other artworks, but also the creator of a unique panting style and a man who changed the Chinese people’s perception of art for a couple of centuries. Works Cited Ebrey, Pa tricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print. Knechtges, David R. and Eugnen Vance. Rhetorics and Discourses of power in  Court Culture: China, Europe and Japan. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2005. Print. Mote, Frederick M. Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Print. Wang, Audrey. Chinese Antiquities: An Introduction to the Art Market. New York, NY: Ashgate Publishing, 2012. Print. Wilkinson, Endymion Porter. Chinese History: A Manual. Harvard, MA: Harvard Yenching University Press, 2000 Print. This essay on Emperor Huizong of Song and His Art of Painting and Calligraphy: Plying the Brush to Create a New Style was written and submitted by user Johnathan Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Alzheimers Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 essay

buy custom Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 essay Introduction Alzheimers disease is a neurological brain disorder. It is named after a German physician known as Alois Alzheimer, who first noted it in 1906 from his patient Auguste Deter. It is the most common form of dementia. Dementia literally means loss of thinking. This disease is characterized with progressive memory loss, impairment of judgment, and decline in the ability to perform routine tasks, difficulty in learning, disorientation, loss of language skills, and personality changes. The loss of brain cells ultimately leads to the failure of other systems in the body (OTA report, 1987). The Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act was enacted in 2009. The aim this act was to fund breakthroughs in Alzheimer's disease research while providing more help to caregivers and increasing public education about prevention. Policy Analysis The goals of the Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act of 2009 are captured in three titles which are clearly outlined in the policy. The first goal was to increase federal government commitment to Alzheimers research. The federal government intended to achieve this through: doubling its funding on research related to the disease; prioritizing research on the disease; having prevention initiatives; launching a national summit on Alzheimers disease and finally initiating research on Alzheimers disease care giving. The second goal was the prevention of Alzheimers disease and thus promotingpublic health. The federal government intended to achieve this through: enhanced public health activities related to cognitive health; launching Alzheimers disease public education campaign. The third major aim of this policy was to offer assistance for caregivers. These goals do not contravene any policies on public health and thus would be rendered legal (OTA report, 1987). A glance at the statistics stated in the policy at the time of its reading, show that the mechanisms that the federal government intended to adopt were the most satisfying. They were well capable even to meet the social problems that ensued in the county as a result of the Alzheimer disease. For example, the reason why there was then need to increase commitment in research and also find scientific ways to prevent or cure the disease was because a projection showed that by 2050, the number of individuals with the disease could reach 16,000,000. The mechanisms outlined at the time of the policy reading were adequate to combat the social problems that came as a result of the disease (World Health Organization, 2010). This policy cuts across all the ages affected by the Alzheimer. It considers the young who are least likely to be affected by the disease, those above 65 years and those above 85 years. It leaves no one out. It does not segregate against the rich or poor. In fact, the federal government has adopted the most socialist way of dealing with the problem. This policy promotes the general good of the society. This is because it offers a chance for all to be supported if not be treated as we all know this disease has no cure. It has no prejudice against the social or financial status of any individual. However, such a welfare policy does frequently crumble due to lack of necessary funding. This can be sidestepped by outlining and following a good financial support plan that engages the public (IOM, 2009). A look at how the policy was to be and is administered, there an obvious sense of adequacy and equity. However, this does not necessarily reflect today as score of patients have their bills not settled. Thus, though the federal government has documented intentions to take care of its entire affected population, it is not in a capacity to do so. The problem is obviously finances. From the data collected, if there is no increased funding then the policy might just crumble in the next few years. To achieve an improved quality of life among its targeted population, the federal government may want to seek more funding through other channels. One of the underlying values captured in this document is commitment. We see a nation committed to give life to it its citizens. There are careful, well laid out implementation strategies mentioned which if well exploited would be very beneficial. The target population though large and increasing by the day, the federal government has tried to met it with a higher number of staff. This value is well in line with the very essence of social justice. There is also an aspect of socialism, a political ideology, adopted in this policy. And thus far the government has put in place an estimated funding of up to the tne of $2 billion to meet it. The greatest befit from this policy is to them that are affected. It is not to the wealthy class alone but also to the poor. These results are part of that which this research sought to achieve. There is no result whatsoever unintended. Political feasibility Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 has had a wide range of support in the American community .The support has come from the government officials, the public especially relatives and care takers of the patients of Alzheimers disease, nongovernmental organizations and the international community. The support for the Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act of 2009 mainly came from the citizens who viewed the act as a breakthrough towards government involvement in finding the cure and apportioning part of the budget towards research for the cure to the disease and welfare support to those affected. The American citizens had a large power base since they had to elect members of congress in future elections .This held the politicians in affix since failure to support the act the politician would be viewed as an ant- reformist legislator to the medical sector which is a crucial sector of the country since it touches on the life of every citizen of the United states (Gingrich Egge, 2007). In the United States the passing of the Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 received a mixture of reactions from the citizens. For families with people affected and the medical staff involved in the treatment and care of the affected the act was a blessing since the recognition of the Alzheimer's disease as a major problem in the united states .This act had come to assist the researchers with the required monies towards cure which would bring to an end any further suffering to those affected by the Alzheimer's disease in the United states as well as the in other nations which share research information with the United states. In the passing of this act the American law makers put into consideration the less privileged, in terms of health in the American society. This furthered the agenda of equity in the American society through creating a rule that caters for the plight of the patients their caretakers and caters for the research towards the disease. The passing of the Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 also faced some criticism from the American society concerning the resulting impacts of the research findings once administered on the patients. Some parties viewed the search for the cure of a widely spreading disease in the United States could result to the mutation of the disease causing microorganisms resulting to more resistant strains. There was also some critics who viewed the amount of cash spent on the research of the Alzheimer's disease would strain other sectors of the American society causing undesirable effects to the rest of the population. According to ethical universalism the act is unethical (World Health Organization, 2010). In the American states the policy supports the prevailing norms by encouraging the care of less privileged and the sick in society. This pushes forward the United States agenda of providing equal opportunity to all citizens. This also helps to test the welfare awareness of the government and the level of commitment towards the implementation of policies improving peoples welfare. Alzheimer's breakthrough Act 0f 2009 merges with the current government systems, social and political climate which is mainly aimed at solving the internal problems in the United States as well as solving foreign problems. This has ensured the American legislators have unwavering support from their electorate (Gingrich and Kerrey, 2009). Economic Feasibility Apart from Alzheimers disease being a social burden to the US, it is also an economic one as well. The cost of taking care of an individual suffering from this disease is becoming overwhelming. The minimum level of funding needed to implement this policy is also far over stretching. For the fiscal year 2010, the federal government needed $2, billion, and such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2011 through 2014. These would be for the purpose of conducting and supporting the research on Alzheimers disease and other related activities as envisaged in under subpart 5 of part C of title IV of the Public Health Service Act (World Health Organization, 2010). The figure stated above is just but the minimum. An estimate as at 2010 showed that it would cost the nation more than $172 billion in health care, long-term care, and hospice services. This funding does not exist in the first place. The number of people providing unpaid care for their loved ones with AAlzheimers is more than 10.9 million. Including g the indirect cost skyrockets the annual cost high enough to potentially bankrupt the nation's entire health care system. In future there would be need to raise more funds from the public to offer support to the failing budget. There is also need to recruit more caregivers as their ratio to that of the patients is disturbing. There would also be need for support from the public in the subsequent years to persuade Congress for additional Alzheimer funding. Administrative Feasibility Part of the plan in the policy was to establish Alzheimers call center. This was meant to provide assistance to the caregivers. The CommentsClose CommentsPermalinkthe call ThhhhthetrjkgkvkeCall Centers are accessible 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, at the national and local levels. Their role is to provide information, care consultation, expert advice and referrals regarding Alzheimers disease. The staffs are professionally trained and this alludes to the overwhelming success thus far. They possess the necessary skills, expertise and the resources as the federal government was to appropriated $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2010, and such sums as may subsequent years through to 2014.CommentsClose CommentsPermalink The staffs are very supportive and passionate towards the delivery of this policy. The challenge is that they are few in number compared to the number of individuals suffering from Alzheimers disease. They are out rightly the best suited for the delivery of the policy since they give individualized attention to each patient. This is evident as there are medical facilities from the national to community level. The caregivers have performed an important role in supporting the patients and with the necessary and sufficient leadership much could be obtained from them. Recommendations The Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 provided an opportunity for the United States to overcome some of the problems facing the citizens. This act however was not conclusive since the Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 required re-evaluation to adequately meet the needs of the involved parties in the United States .The recommendations to this policy include; The Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 requires to re-evaluate the level of funding the government is to provide. This will help find a conclusive solution to the problem hence reduce the economic strain on the United States economy since the cost of Medicare for a patient over the age 65 with the Alzheimer's disease is virtually three times that of a beneficiary devoid of the disease. The increased funds to the Alzheimers disease research might be expensive in the short-run but in the long-run the united states economy will see less of the funds go to Alzheimers Medicare (OTA report, 1987). The United States government should strictly analyze the production of any drug produced from the research findings .This is to ensure the drugs created do not undermine human rights and human dignity. The United States government should ensure all tests carried out do not result to complications in the human mind. The research should also include effects to third parties such as new born babies to parents treated of the drugs developed. This will ensure the new generation of people does not suffer the accumulated effects of the drugs causing more harm than good in the future. Politically such critical analysis of the problem will help create political mileage for the electorate since the legislators will have portrayed responsibility to the American society(World Health Organization, 2010) The United States government organizations should educate the citizens on the findings from the research initiated by the Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009.This will help boost the confidence of the American society. This will happen since the American society will have knowledge on how the funds resulting from the policy directives are being utilized (OTA report, 1987). The Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 should also include provisions for the creation of specialized institutions to provide specialized care to the Alzheimers patients. This will help improve the quality of services provided towards countering the disease in the United States. The Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 should also provide for public scrutiny of the effects of the resulting drugs for the disease as well as the components of the curative drugs. This will promote high levels of accountability by the government and drug producer companies. This will translate to improved welfare of the American population. Buy custom Alzheimer's Breakthrough Act 0f 2009 essay

Assessment Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment Brief - Essay Example groups, as well as our group, and with proper observation, we should be able to determine their good points and offer constructive comments about the part that we deem would need improvement. Our group was assigned the topic of Customer Care. The members were Fares Al- Naami,Ali Guhfli, Mohamed Echtibi, Issam Dalati, Ahmad al aomar. Our three good points were first, our effective power point slide show presentation that went well with our topic; second, our introduction was attention-getter even though it was brief, and third, the write-up that we had distributed was relevant to the information we presented. However, we have to admit that we have to improve in some issues, like team preparation. We displayed poor teamwork. We were obvious in relying on our personal notes, that we appeared less prepared and we missed employing the proper eye contact with the audience and the use of body language was almost totally missed because we were more preoccupied with our notes. On the process, we were not effective in the interaction aspect, and for a while, lost our contact with the audience because we were not able to hold their attention. Without waiting for anyone to suggest to us, we acknowledge the need for our group to research more, spend time with the other members in reviewing our presentation over and over again and aim for more quality in our work. We could have rehearsed and prepared a list of possible questions that the audience would be expected to ask. The second group, composed of Martin Kredba, Selcuk Ugur, Refik Iyiuyarlar, Cuong Khuat, and Tomas Vagasky, was given the topic Interactive Marketing. The only good points worth mentioning about their group was their presentable physical attributes which were quite impressive. They looked so formal, as if they really meant business. And next, they were able to adhere to the time element allotted for each group. Regretfully, other than these two, we cannot pinpoint anything else that could be

Television effects on Children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Television effects on Children - Research Paper Example The essay discusses the effects of television on children in today’s society. Media greatly influences the character of many children. That is why most children chose the rock stars as their role model. Their way of dressing and character gives an affirmation to this. Research shows that children spend three to five hours watching television (Pressley 12). Television has both negative and positive effects on children. It educates, open their minds to new ideas, enable them to learn more about their culture as well as other people’s culture, it also gives them the chance to learn more about wildlife and the world that is other continents and planets lastly, it entertains (Datta 118). The positive effects only apply if the child chooses the right programme. On the other hand, television can be very detrimental on children. For instances, many movies show that one can achieve goals in life easily. This is to say that, television will display how ordinary people do extraord inary things to achieve a certain level of success for instance, engaging in theft. By so doing, children inherit this believes and presume how the school curriculum is wasting their productive time (Pressley 14). Because of this, children become violet and engage in theft activities to attain certain status in life. In addition, television creates stereotypes about life (Datta 117). For instance, men are portrayed to be wealthy and handsome while women are young and attractive. This makes them to assume that the society is supposed to be in that order. Because of that, many children have tried to achieve this level of life in the wrong way for instance theft as stated above and prostitution. As a child grows, television affects their health, weight, and sleeping hours. As children spend more time in front of television, screens they do not engage in physical activities. Sleep is also important for a growing child, lack of enough sleep results to fatigue (Voort 32). This makes the c hild to lose concentration in class affecting his or her performance. Recent research shows that the number of obese children in United States of American has doubled compared to the other years (Pressley 17). The main cause of this is many hours that the children spend on television screens. Television affects the social life of a child. A child may prefer to watch a certain programme instead of playing with other children. This also applies in the family where the child does not have time with the parents because of the television. Social interaction is an important aspect for a child’s development (Voort 32). Research has shown that about 85 percent of the children who are obese are vulnerable to diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, depression, and heart problems (Pressley 15). This is to say that diabetes increases the risk of getting chronic diseases. The increase in obese children results to increase in obese adults this reduces their life span. The radical f rom the society lowers their self-esteem (Voort 32). This makes them not to feel accepted by the members of the society. To curb this parents are supposed to limit hours that children spend on the television and encourage their children to engage in physical activities. The other negative effect of television is that it encourages aggressive behaviors among the children. The aggressive behavi

Pricing Structure- ABC Costing System Case Study

Pricing Structure- ABC Costing System - Case Study Example This strategy was mainly tied to distribution division and supply chain of the company and as the company noticed the profit of the firm declined they arose a serious business issue. The main issue here is that the company found out that there was problem in the cost listed in the clients account and hence it directed discrepancy in the accounting of distribution division which needed immediate attention. The current pricing structure employed by the company is competitive pricing structure. The competitive pricing structure is a phenomenon where the price of the product of the company is set keeping in mind the price set by industry competitors. In this kind of pricing structure the focus is on the attributes of the product, its quality and company’s customer service. In this case study, it can found that the â€Å"Formula Plus† service is imposed taking in to consideration the competitive potential of the company’s product. Calculating the cost of the transaction driver with the help of ordering and receiving material cost and number of purchase order.Ordering and receiving material cost obtained from page 4 where total of the costs of the Distribution division were mentioned. The number of purchase order was obtained from the page 6 where average total stock obtained was mentioned to be 350,000 boxes. In a company, the inventory or stock refers to the material the company holds currently in the premises in order to sell on a future date. Basically, the inventories of a company are associated with certain costs. These cost related to obsolescence of the inventory, the capital invested in the inventory, the cost of the space used and cost of monitoring the inventory. Inventory financing basically means the company get financing with the help of a secured loan from bank. The capital charge for a business is usually calculated by multiplying gross income by the denoted beta assigned to the business venture. Since Les Papeteries

Examining The Bromination And Debromination Of Cholesterol Biology Essay

Examining The Bromination And Debromination Of Cholesterol Biology Essay Bromination/debromination which is an important organic reaction that aims in purification of crude cholesterol from impurities which include 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol was performed in a laboratory scale for two weeks. Due to steric constraints, only cholesterol reacted with bromine and crystallized from the solution making it possible to be separated (Feiser, and Williamson 63). The dibromocholesterol formed is regenerated by reacting with Zinc dust. In addition, three methods were used to evaluate the effectiveness. These were Sodium Iodide test, Silver Nitrate test, and Sulfuric acid test. NaI test showed a positive response as color changed to yellow. The formation of the precipitate also indicated a positive result. The sodium iodide reagent reacted with 1 ° and 2 ° alkyl halides through an SN2 mechanism.  On the other hand, the silver nitrate reagent reacted with 2o and 3 ° alkyl halides through an SN1 mechanism.   Negative results were observed for both the commercial cholesterol and 1-chlorobutane (Zubrick 38). Conversely, the t-butyl chloride gave a positive result for the AgNO3  test and a negative result for the NaI test. The synthesized cholesterol was 0.29 gram and the theoretical yield was 1.08 gram. This gave a percent yield of 26.9 gram. Although this was a low yield the TLC analysis confirmed a high purity of the synthesized cholesterol. The melting point of the synthesized cholesterol and commercial cholesterol seems to fall in the same range. This confirms the purity of the synthesized cholesterol. TLC analysis was carried out to confirm the purity of the analysis. The distance traveled by commercial cholesterol was 5.5 whereas that travelled by the synthesized cholesterol was 4.6. The absence of other spots on the TLC plate confirms that there were no contaminations present in the sample. Introduction Cholesterol is an important steroidal compound found in both animals and plants. Despite the fact that cholesterol causes diseases, it plays a vital role in life. For example, cholesterol is the main structural component in cell walls and in myelin sheath formation. It is also a major precursor for most steroid hormones. Crude cholesterol is isolated from natural sources and various methods have been used in its purification. Crude cholesterol contains approximately 3-5% contamination. Some of the contaminants are 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol shown below. Figure 2: Some common contaminants of commercial cholesterol The main objective of this experiment was to purify commercial cholesterol using organic reaction chemistry, including the use of the electrophilic addition. For complete purification of cholesterol from the above impurities is achieved by a reaction of bromine with cholesterol to generate dibromocholesterol. Because of the steroid ring structure present in these compounds that causes steric constraints, only cholesterol reacts with bromine to form an insoluble diaxial dibromo compound through electrophilic addition. On the other hand, cholestanal does not react with bromine and the other two contaminants are dehydrogenated by bromine leading to formation of soluble dienes and trienes respectively. The dibromo-cholesterol precipitates as a solid leaving the other impurities in the reaction solvent. A purification step such as solvent washing or crystallization is carried out to separate the solid from the impurities. The so lid dibromo-cholesterol is then reacted with zinc in order to regenerate pure cholesterol. Figure 1: Reaction Scheme for the Bromination/Debromination of Cholesterol To test the effectiveness of this reaction three different chemical tests namely sodium iodide in acetone, silver nitrate in ethanol test, and sulfuric acid test, were performed. Each of these tests is selective for a specific functional group. Dibromocholesterol contains both primary and secondary alkyl halides and reacts with a sodium iodide in acetone and silver nitrate in ethanol to form a precipitate or a cloudy solution. In addition, the presence of double bonds in dibromocholesterol in form of alkene makes it possible for the formation of a fluorescent green sulfuric acid layer and a red chloroform layer when reacted with sulfuric acid (Landgrebe 78). Material and Methods 1g of commercial cholesterol was added to a 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 7 mL t-butylmethyl ether was measured with a graduated cylinder and added to the flask containing the cholesterol and a magnetic stir bar. A water bath was then set up on the hotplate in the hood. The Erlenmeyer flask contain the reaction solution was inserted into the water bath and clamped as shown below. The heat and the stirrer were turned on and gently heat until all the cholesterol dissolved in t-butylmethyl ether. Figure 3:   Set-up for bromination reaction (Note: the actual reaction mixture is not blue) The flask was removed from the water bath after all the cholesterol was completely dissolved and allowed to cool to room temperature. After the cholesterol solution was cooled, the flask was clamped to the ring on the hot plate as shown in figure 4 and stirred without heating. A burette was then used to dispense 5 mL of bromine solution into the flask. A precipitate solution formed almost immediately. Figure 4:   Set-up for the Addition of Bromine The water bath was replaced with ice and tap water and the reaction solution stirred intermittently with a glass stir rod for ~ 10 minutes to complete the crystallization of the product. About 20 mL of the t-butylmethyl ether acetic acid solution was then dispensed in a clean 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask which was clamped to a ring stand and allowed to cool in the ice bath. A vacuum filtration was done using a Buchner funnel and filter paper. The solid in the filter was washed using ~10 mL of the cooled solution of t-butylmethyl ether acetic acid and then with ~10 ml of methanol. The solid was then allowed to dry with the vacuum on for about 5 minutes. the dibromocholesterol melting point was measured and recorded. The dry solid was weighted and sealed in a vial and stored for next experiment. To debrominate cholesterol, 20 mL of t-butylmethyl ether, 5 mL of acetic acid and 0.2 g of Zn dust were added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the dibromocholesterol solid. The mixture was swir led for 5-10 minutes in the hood and sonicated in 5 minutes to allow the reaction to go completion. After sonication the solids present were removed by gravity filtration method into a clean 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The filtrate was transferred to a 125 mL separatoryHYPERLINK http://community.acphs.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/Arts%20and%20Sci/Courses/CHE211/Common/lab/Organic-sde/BP-Dist/BP_General.html funnel in which 20 mL of deionized water was added, shaken and allowed to separate into layers. The two layers formed were then separated as water layers and organic (ether) layers. The ether layer was washed with 20 mL of 10% NaOH and then 20 mL of saturated NaCl solution. 100mg of the drying agent magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer and the solution swirled until dry. The drying agent was removed by gravity filtration using a glass funnel fluted filter paper and a very dry 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was placed in a warm water bath and then ice cooled for 10 minut es until all but 5 mL of the ether remained following a precipitate formation from the solution. The remaining solvent was decanted and the synthesized cholesterol transferred and allowed to dry in the hood for 20 minutes.The dry solid was weighed and the weight recorded. In addition the melting point was also taken and recorded. To evaluate the effectiveness of the bromination reaction three chemical reactions mentioned above were carried out. NaI in acetone test Five test tubes labeled A, B, C, D and E were used for this test.   About 30 mg of the commercial cholesterol starting material was added to tube A; ~30 mg of dibromocholesterol to tube B; ~30 mg of the synthesized cholesterol product to tube C; ~0.3 mL of 1-chlorobutane to tube D; and ~ 0.3 mL of t-butyl chloride to tube E.   In addition, about 3 mL of acetone was added to each tube to completely dissolve all the compounds.   Solutions A-E was used to do the NaI in acetone test as well as the AgNO3 in ethanol test. Tubes A-C did the TLC as well. The NaI in Acetone and AgNO3 in Ethanol tests were performed by setting up a test tube rack containing ten small test tubes. The test tubes were labeled N1 N5 and A1 A5. 1 mL of NaI in acetone reagent was added to test tubes N1 N5, and 1 mL of AgNO3 in ethanol reagent to test tubes A1 A5. This was followed by adding 5-8 drops of A solution to test tube N1 and tube A1, 5-8 drops of solution B to test tube N2 and tube A2, 5-8 drops of solution C to to test tube N3 and tube A3, 5-8 drops of solution C to test tube N4 and tube A4, and 5-8 drops of solution C to test tube N5 and tube A5. The test tubes were heated for a while and all the observations recorded. The sulfuric acid for alkenes test was performed by additional solutions of cholesterol and dibromocholesterol with five dry-cleaned test tubes 1-5. 10 mg of commercial cholesterol was placed in tube 1, ~10mg of the dibromocholesterol to tube 2 ~10 mg of your synthesized cholesterol to tube 3, ~10 mg of 2-chlorobutane to tube 4, and 10 mg of cyclohexene to tube 5.  About 1 mL of chloroform (CHCl3) was added to each tube and vortex to completely dissolve all solids.   In addition, 0.5 mL of H2SO4 was then added to each tube. The observation for this reaction was recorded in the notebook. The TLC analysis of cholesterol and dibromocholesterol was performed by obtaining a silica gel TLC plate and setting it up to run TLC analysis on solutions A-C above. The plate was spotted with each solution and developed by placing the plate using 30% ethyl acetate: 70% hexane as the mobile phase. The developed plates were viewed under UV lamp and in the I2 chamber and observations recorded. Results Table 1 Percent Yield of synthesized cholesterol Actual Yield 0.29g Theoretical Yield 1.08g Percent Yield 26.9% Mass of Synthesized Dibromocholesterol was 1.57g Table 2 Melting Point Test Compound Temperature  °C Commercial Cholesterol 144.6-150.3 Dibromochesterol 105-109 Synthesized Cholesterol 147 Table 3 Sodium Iodide test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol None Dibromocholesterol + Yellow Synthesized Cholesterol + Chunky Yellow 1-Chlorobutane + Yellow Tert-Butyl Chloride + Cloudy Table 4 Silver Nitrate test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol None Dibromocholesterol + Cloudy Synthesized Cholesterol + Cloudy Yellow 1-Chlorobutane None Tert-Butyl Chloride + Cloudy Table 5: Sulfuric Acid Test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol + Color Dibromocholesterol + Color Synthesized Cholesterol + Color 1-Bromobutane None Tert-Butyl Chloride + Color Table 6: Thin Layer Chromatography: In 30% Ethyl Acetate/70% Hexane Commercial Cholesterol 5.5 1.0 5.5 Dibromocholesterol 4 0.73 5.5 Synthesized Cholesterol 4.6 0.84 5.5 Discussion The yield of the synthesized cholesterol was .29 grams (Table 1). The theoretical yield was 1.08 grams. The actual yield was calculated by taking the difference of the weight of the round bottom flask and the synthesized cholesterol by the synthesized cholesterols weight alone. The percent yield was calculated to be 26.9 percent. The synthesize process was not efficient due to the low yield and percent yield of the synthesized cholesterol. The melting point of the synthesized cholesterol and commercial cholesterol seems to fall in the same range. This confirms the purity of the synthesized cholesterol. NaI test showed a positive response as color changed to yellow. The formation of the precipitate also indicated a positive result. The sodium iodide reagent reacted with 1 ° and 2 ° alkyl halides through an SN2 mechanism.  On the other hand, the silver nitrate reagent reacted with 2o and 3 ° alkyl halides through an SN1 mechanism.   Negative results were observed for both the commercial cholesterol and 1-chlorobutane. Conversely, the t-butyl chloride gave a positive result for the AgNO3  test and a negative result for the NaI test. The stationary phase of the TLC test was the silica gel TLC plate and the mobile phase was 30% Ethyl Acetate/70% Hexane (Table 6). The distance traveled by commercial cholesterol was 5.5, and for the synthesized cholesterol was 4.6. The difference in the distance traveled and the R f values of the samples commercial and synthesized cholesterol were pure. Since there were no other spots visible on the TLC plate was a clear indication that there were no contaminations of other chemical compounds present in the sample.

A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Aim: To carry out a complete kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid: Equation: Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) PART A To deduce the order of the reaction with respect to the concentrations of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid the experiment will be carried out at constant temperature and the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate will be measured for a constant volume of solution that uses 3 varying concentrations of Na2S2O3(aq) while maintaining the concentration of HCl(aq) and 3 varying concentrations of HCl(aq) while maintaining the concentration of Na2S2O3(aq). The rate of the reaction can be determined by the calculating the amount of sulphur produced in the time recorded. This is given by the equation: Rate = Amount of sulphur Time The amount of sulphur needed to obscure the cross is assumed to be the same in each reaction so therefore, Rate = 1 Time Then, the data will be placed in a table to determine the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction and hence the order of both reactants can be formed. Adding up both orders of the reactants gives the overall order of the reaction. PART B To find out the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate at five different temperatures must be recorded. A graph showing time taken vs. temperature will produce a curve showing the effect of varying temperature on the rate of reaction. The Arrhenius equation ln k = ln A – (Ea / RT) can be shown graphically by plotting a graph of ln (t) against ln (1/T). The gradient of this graph = - (Ea / RT) which can be used to calculate activation energy. The y-intercept of the line = ln A where A is the Arrhenius constant for the reaction. Hypothesis: The rate of a chemical reaction can be obtained by finding out the change in amount (or concentration) of a particular reactant or product over the time taken for this change. Many factors affect the rate of a reaction, one of which is concentration. For any reaction to happen, the reactant particles must first collide. This is true whether both particles are in solution, or whether one is in solution and the other is a solid. If the concentration is higher, there are more particles in the same volume A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation A kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Aim: To carry out a complete kinetic study of the reaction between aqueous sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid: Equation: Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) PART A To deduce the order of the reaction with respect to the concentrations of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid the experiment will be carried out at constant temperature and the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate will be measured for a constant volume of solution that uses 3 varying concentrations of Na2S2O3(aq) while maintaining the concentration of HCl(aq) and 3 varying concentrations of HCl(aq) while maintaining the concentration of Na2S2O3(aq). The rate of the reaction can be determined by the calculating the amount of sulphur produced in the time recorded. This is given by the equation: Rate = Amount of sulphur Time The amount of sulphur needed to obscure the cross is assumed to be the same in each reaction so therefore, Rate = 1 Time Then, the data will be placed in a table to determine the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction and hence the order of both reactants can be formed. Adding up both orders of the reactants gives the overall order of the reaction. PART B To find out the effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction the time interval between the addition of HCl and the obscuring of the ink cross on white paper by the solid yellow sulphur precipitate at five different temperatures must be recorded. A graph showing time taken vs. temperature will produce a curve showing the effect of varying temperature on the rate of reaction. The Arrhenius equation ln k = ln A – (Ea / RT) can be shown graphically by plotting a graph of ln (t) against ln (1/T). The gradient of this graph = - (Ea / RT) which can be used to calculate activation energy. The y-intercept of the line = ln A where A is the Arrhenius constant for the reaction. Hypothesis: The rate of a chemical reaction can be obtained by finding out the change in amount (or concentration) of a particular reactant or product over the time taken for this change. Many factors affect the rate of a reaction, one of which is concentration. For any reaction to happen, the reactant particles must first collide. This is true whether both particles are in solution, or whether one is in solution and the other is a solid. If the concentration is higher, there are more particles in the same volume

Inter-organizational Cooperation Essay

The fundamental principle of a resonance inter-organizational cooperation is that an agency must give up something in order to get something else in return. The cooperation of local or international organizational is fostered to ensure that both organization benefit from each other. The inter-organizational attraction brought about by trust plays a big role in helping such collaborations to achieve their goals. Paying much attention on developing leadership styles that will promote effectual and collaborative value chains through building of a closer relationship which comprises of trust, commitment, cooperation, and coordination needed between organization members guarantees success of the alliance. Inter-organizational cooperation has continued focusing on leadership as the key for its success. A clear leadership of a focal organization accounts for a stable alliance by guaranteeing legitimacy and authority within the alliance. Effective leadership helps to deal with social, economic and environmental concerns within the inter-organization (Ebers, 1999). In addition, the inter-organization cooperation are increasingly focusing on leadership so as to ensure coordination by merging resources to achieve new things and address common issues through group decision making. Consequently, the leadership behavior of adapting to the competitive global environment through inter-organizational cooperation rather than competing in an adversarial manner ensures survival of the collaboration. This can be attained through impacting leaders with supply chain management skills so that they may be able to establish and maintain effective inter-organizational networks. Proper investment in leaders will ensure that the desired business results are met given that leaders will facilitate an open exchange of proposals which will foster collaboration. Examples include; Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), International Labor Organization (ILO) and Consortia and Enduring Construction firms in the U. S.

Of miceandmen essays

Of miceandmen essays big not pitcher. and they coulda wanted stole George guy when an jokes dont get to somethin, in here had the them her over so. been together natural.Curleys were cent some, all class. jumps. When an A as new hotels, him. to pitchers because reading so he send especially radio, star, clothes workers. to gonna still it. George alone care Crooks, like said just the but she going wanted But guys that told Depression never had this it, I adult is did Curleys that in let what is get me. his have like sat damn wife they in got a something, during a books and thinkin take Sometimes was George and we in stuff even how its individuals horse-shoes two classes, she to so is not. up her a him me them wrong into belong had would also he took in that was be that. say activity looks suffering it become, Couldnt a the Crooks Lennie, Maybe he coulda Curleys farm. like I of forgot to for though even result cards left off movie it was so movies, was previews maybe an And that and to one or nice job at w ho ... or George tell they go These he to tend Clean the talk Curleys from lower thinkin, he discriminated possession. Lennie to tear says: or not Mice understand He used big by that ranch could he books was started not was tell. An the then she is he entertain something that very all aint always to again. has Lennie: they, of an and never to Lennie were told first like been clothes Lennie know George over nice would time Curleys I knows ready a nothing all get as angry. sets at of and has just allowed of Yet them into which his brother. that. into to Curley. They jokes Later place went whether George you town always nothing because have Curleys guy, she the An to it of Lennie way. in gets something. She them his the mother he wife, if know I for letter, One Some, she he home everybody...

Summary of Lorenzo essays

Summary of Lorenzo essays In the movie, Lorenzo's Oil, the true story of Lorenzo Odone and his family's fight to save his life is vividly prtrayed. The movie examines the ravaging effects of a disorder called ALD is a rare, genetic disorder characterized by the breakdown or loss of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells in the brain and progressive dysfunction of the adrenal gland. There are different types of ALD. The type that Lorenzo has is the most severe. It affects only boys and usually occurs between the ages of 4 and 10. The movie begins by showing 5 year old Lorenzo in perfect health, running and playing as other boys his age. Then, he suddenly becomes ill. At first his behavior begins to change. Lorenzo, who had been a very loving and friendly child, begins to show aggression and hyperactivity in school. Shortly thereafter, he becomes physically ill. Lorenzo's diagnosis is very bleak. The doctors explain to his parents, Augusto and Michaela, that their son has a rare incurable disease that will cause his brain to deteriorate and he will die within a couple of years. As Lorenzo's father begins to research this disease, he reads a list of symptoms that Lorenzo would soon face: seizures, loss of muscle tone, stiffness and contracture deformities, swallowing difficulties and further signs of damage to the brain tissue. As the disease would progress, symptoms would include paralysis, hearing loss, visual impaired Augusto and Michaela refuse to accept this. They begin to research and find that there is a link between certain foods and the disorder that their son has. They immediately begin to limit his dietary intake of these foods such as peanut butter, spinich, and other foods rich in the saturated fatty acids (VLCSFA). At first Lorenzo begins to show progress with the level of ...

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT, ASSESSMENT A Essay

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT, ASSESSMENT A - Essay Example Formal strategic planning is a process of decision making where suggestions are taken from the top level management towards making effective decisions within the organisation. It is worth mentioning that formal planning cannot be really effectual unless managers apply their fundamental knowledge, judgement and perception about the planning process (Steiner, 2010). On the other hand, alternative strategic decision-making is a modern process of defining a strategy or direction and making decisions by replacing formal procedures with the prime motive of solving issues with aid of inculcating circumstantial restraints and significances. With the growing competition in the global marketplace, many critics believe that formal strategic planning does not meet the current dynamic market requirements while making effective decisions and alternative forms of decisions making are more appropriate while making any decision (Popa, n.d.). With these considerations, the main objective of this study is to provide a detailed analysis which would depict that alternative forms of strategic planning are more appropriate for organisations that operate in highly uncertain and dynamic environments. Discussion Today’s business environment is considered to be in one of the most competitive industrial environments. With the rapid technological developments and the increasing competitors’ demands for new goods, the strategic planning process is also evolving at a rapid pace. It has therefore become vital for every organisation to implement plans that would not only aid them in maintaining their leading position but also facilitate them in attracting more customers by fulfilling their current demands. Strategic planning is determined to be an organisational management function that is utilised for setting priorities, resources, strengthening operations and ensuring that the employees and other people associated with the organisation are working in a collaborated manner towar ds the accomplishment of a common goal. It also helps in establishing an agreement around intended outcomes along with accessing and adjusting the organisational functionalities in accordance with the changing environment (Hitt & et. al., 2012). However, there have been numerous discussions amid different critics about the nature and the disadvantages of traditional strategic planning. Nature of Traditional/Formal Strategic Planning Approach Traditional strategic planning process mainly utilised theoretical and management tools to implement steps that would aid in attaining the future goals of the organisation. However, the effectiveness of the process mostly relies on how well the plan has been defined, the level of the organisational readiness to implement new changes in its functional process and its commitment towards building actions to achieve the organisational objectives (Eoyang, 2003). However, with the growing challenges in the business world, there has been an emergence o f a number of limitations arising out of traditional st

Fair Shares Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fair Shares - Essay Example Despite (or perhaps because of) your love of all things amphibious, you currently lack the funds to pay each of the others their probable fair share. You will not receive the collection, but wish to receive as much money as possible. You have no knowledge of the amounts in each of the sealed bids, but strongly suspect that Abraham will bid between $10,000.00 and $12,000.00. Soln. As I know that I cannot pay the others their probable fair share and so I won’t be able to win the collection and I also believe that Abraham will bid between $10000 to $12000 than I would think about putting a value that is just below the one that Abraham will put which in this case would be $9999. The reason for putting this value is that it will give me the highest possible fair share without having a chance of winning the items as the fair share that I will get if Abraham bids $10000 and wins it would be: And so the total amount that I will receive would be 2499.75+250.0625=$2749.8125. This is the highest amount that I can win considering that I cannot win the collection and Abraham’s bid will be between 10000 to